Indian Evidence Act, 1872 → Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
IEA 59BSA 54
Proof of facts by oral evidence
Canonical: https://www.vakilpedia.com/iea-59-to-bsa
What changed
- Words "or electronic records" are excluded.
Drafting-ready
Under Section 54 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (formerly Section 59 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872)...
Bare act text — BSA 54
54. Proof of facts by oral evidence.—All facts, except the contents of documents may be proved by oral evidence.
Frequently asked
What is IEA 59 equivalent in BSA?
IEA Section 59 (Proof of facts by oral evidence) corresponds to Section 54 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA).
What changed between IEA 59 and BSA 54?
Words "or electronic records" are excluded.
How do I cite BSA 54 in a pleading?
Under Section 54 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (formerly Section 59 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872)...
Need another section? The full converter covers IEA to BSA, CrPC to BNSS and IEA to BSA.
Open the converterNearby IEA sections
- IEA 54 → BSA 49 — Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply
- IEA 55 → BSA 50 — Character as affecting damages
- IEA 56 → BSA 51 — Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved
- IEA 57 → BSA 52 — Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice
- IEA 58 → BSA 53 — Facts admitted need not be proved
- IEA 60 → BSA 55 — Oral evidence to be direct
- IEA 61 → BSA 56 — Proof of contents of documents
- IEA 62 → BSA 57 — Primary evidence
- IEA 63 → BSA 58 — Secondary evidence
- IEA 64 → BSA 59 — Proof of documents by primary evidence